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Muhan Li

ARXIV 2026

Toward Reality

Zihan Guo, Muhan Li, Shuzhe Zhang, Sam Kriegman

A pipeline turns coarse, evolution-friendly virtual body plans into complete blueprints that a builder can follow.

BORN IN SIMULATION

This body evolved in simulation, as voxels and joints only. To build it, every missing detail must be added.

STAGE:
VIRTUALSEMI-VIRTUALSEMI-REALREAL

Every step of the figure

  1. BORN IN SIMULATION

    This body evolved in simulation, as voxels and joints only. To build it, every missing detail must be added.

  2. PRINTABLE BONES AND SKIN

    First, the voxels become printable bones and a hollow skin, with room cut at each joint for a motor.

  3. MOTORS, POWER AND WIRES

    Then motors, a battery, a controller and wires are fitted inside, each placed by a solver, not by hand.

  4. READY TO BUILD

    Every part is ready to print or to bolt on. In the paper, a body built this way was printed, assembled and walked.

    Bones in PLA, skin in soft TPU, six motors on one bus.

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